Best IPTV for Firestick (2026)

Key Takeaway: Choosing the best IPTV for Firestick comes down to stability, content depth, and long-term reliability. Leading services like TiviPlanet, CastEmpire IPTV, and USA LIVE IPTV set the benchmark by combining smooth performance, broad channel access, and consistent updates for everyday streaming needs.

IPTV for Firestick

If you are using a Firestick, have you ever sat down to stream only to face buffering, missing channels, or apps that suddenly stop working? Poor-quality and unverified services often lead to constant lag, low video resolution, unreliable servers, sudden shutdowns, security risks, and even legal concerns. Over time, this ruins your viewing experience and wastes both money and patience. The right option completely changes that story. A dependable service delivers smooth playback, clearer picture quality, better device compatibility, and the confidence that your entertainment will actually work when you need it most.

Why Trust This List

This list features IPTV services that have been carefully tested and evaluated for Firestick users. Every service included here:

âś… Works smoothly across Firestick and other popular devices
âś… Offers a rich content library with reliable performance and useful features
âś… Is actively used by real users, families, and small businesses

We avoid recommending completely free IPTV services since they are often unstable, unsafe, or stream copyrighted content without proper licensing.

📊 Research & Testing Overview

  • 160+ IPTV services tested
  • 2,400+ hours of hands-on research and testing
  • 15+ in-depth IPTV guides and expert reviews checked

What is IPTV and How It Works on Firestick

IPTV delivers live TV channels and on-demand content over the internet instead of cable or satellite. On Firestick, IPTV works through dedicated apps that stream content using your internet connection, allowing users to watch live TV, sports, movies, and shows directly on their television.

Why Firestick is Ideal for IPTV Services

Amazon Firestick is ideal for IPTV services because it runs on Fire OS, an Android-based system that offers flexibility and broad app support. This allows users to install popular IPTV players such as IPTV Smarters, TiviMate, and XCIPTV with ease. The interface is optimized for streaming, providing smooth navigation, fast app performance, and support for HD and 4K content.

Firestick is also portable, simple to set up, and significantly more affordable than smart TVs or dedicated IPTV boxes. It plugs directly into a TV’s HDMI port and can be used anywhere with an internet connection, making it a cost-effective and convenient IPTV solution.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing the Best IPTV for Firestick

Choosing the best IPTV for Firestick is not just about finding the cheapest option. The right service should match your viewing habits, device capability, and long-term reliability. Many users focus only on channel count, but performance and compatibility matter just as much. Over the years, I have seen Firestick users face issues like buffering, missing channels, or poor app support simply because these factors were overlooked. A good IPTV service should feel smooth, stable, and easy to use on Firestick without constant troubleshooting.

When comparing IPTV services for Firestick, it helps to look beyond marketing claims. Firestick works best with services that are optimized for popular IPTV apps and stable internet streaming. My advice is to balance content variety with technical quality. A smaller but reliable service often performs better than one that promises everything but delivers inconsistency.

  • Channel Selection: Look for a mix of live TV, sports, and regional or international channels that fit your needs.
  • Streaming Quality & Stability: Choose consistent HD or 4K streaming with minimal buffering, which is essential for Firestick.
  • VOD Library (Movies & TV Shows): A well-updated VOD section adds value beyond live TV.
  • App Compatibility: Ensure its support apps like IPTV Smarters, TiviMate, or XCIPTV.
  • Customer Support & Reliability: Always check for responsive support that helps resolve setup or playback issues quickly.
  • Pricing & Subscription Plans: Compare plans, trial options, and connection limits before committing.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational purposes only. BestIPTVFinder does not own, operate, host, sell, or distribute any video streaming websites, applications, IPTV services, or add-ons. Some of the services mentioned may be unverified, and we cannot confirm whether they hold the required legal licenses to distribute their content. We do not verify the legality of each app or service in every jurisdiction. It is your responsibility to conduct your own due diligence before using any unverified service. Always ensure that you stream only publicly available content. The end user is solely responsible for any media accessed through such platforms.

Best IPTV Services for Firestick (Top Picks)

  1. TiviPlanet: Best for seamless Firestick streaming with global channels
  2. CastEmpire IPTV: Best for stable IPTV on Firestick with premium content
  3. USA LIVE IPTV: Best for live US channels on Firestick
  4. 4K IPTV Zone: Best for Firestick 4K streaming with ultra clarity
  5. DigitaLizard IPTV: Best for reliable Firestick IPTV with diverse content
  6. XCodes IPTV: Best for advanced IPTV features on Firestick

Popular IPTV for Firestick: (Easy & Safe on Firestick)

1) TiviPlanet

TiviPlanet was one of the IPTV services I tested in depth to find the best IPTV on Firestick, and I found its combination of a broad channel lineup and extensive video-on-demand library impressive. From the first setup on my Firestick, I saw how smoothly the Fire OS-optimized interface worked and liked its stable adaptive streaming during high-demand live matches. The service has strong international channel coverage and latency-free streaming that kept playback consistent throughout my sessions. Overall, TiviPlanet gave me a reliable, versatile IPTV experience that could satisfy a wide range of viewing preferences. 

âś… Why choose TiviPlanet? 

  • Channels: It gives access to more than 30,000 live global TV channels for diverse viewing preferences.
  • VOD Library: The service delivers approximately 150,000 on-demand movies and TV shows for flexible binge-watching.
  • Multi-Connections: TiviPlanet provides multi-device connections, allowing you to stream on several screens at once.
  • Sports & PPV: I noticed that the IPTV offered rich sports content, including live leagues and PPV events that streamed smoothly.
  • Superior Quality: It delivered adaptive streaming that adjusted quality seamlessly to network conditions.
  • Supported Devices: I tested it on various devices, and it worked effortlessly on Firestick, Android, iOS, Smart TVs, and laptops.
  • VPN Support: VPN compatibility is available for secure and private viewing of content.
  • M3U URL: Direct M3U URL support was not listed as a default in official offerings.
  • Accepted Payment Methods: Various payment methods were available with transparent pricing, and there are no hidden fees.
  • Customer Support: Human customer support is available, though not necessarily 24/7, as per my experience.

👍 Advantages

  • I found the Fire TV Stick-optimized setup intuitive and very fast, which made installation and first use enjoyable from the very start.
  • This service supported multiple devices without major compatibility issues, giving flexibility to stream on many screens. 
  • VPN availability helped add an extra layer of privacy that many users will find comforting. 
  • Transparent pricing and instant activation meant no hidden fees or long wait times, which made onboarding smoother. 
  • The extensive content library spans international channels and VOD options and covers a wide variety of genres. 

👎 Disadvantages

  • Some users might require stronger internet speeds to fully enjoy 4K playback without interruptions. 
  • The lack of an obvious M3U URL option might limit use with certain IPTV players. 
  • A single free hour may feel too short for users wanting a longer trial before commitment.

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for TiviPlanet

  • 1 Month: €15
  • 3 Months: €30
  • 6 Months: €45
  • 12 Months: €70

Visit: https://www.tiviplanet.com/

2) CastEmpire IPTV

CastEmpire IPTV is a popular choice when discussing the Best IPTV for Firestick, especially for users wanting variety without technical hassle. CastEmpire IPTV stood out to me because the Firestick setup felt quick and refreshingly smooth. I tested channel switching, sports streams, and VOD playback, and everything loaded consistently well. The interface felt familiar, which made browsing less tiring during long viewing sessions. I appreciate how content categories are organized clearly, helping me jump straight into live TV or movies. With strong device compatibility and reliable stream quality, it fits both casual viewers and heavy streamers who want a dependable Firestick IPTV experience without unnecessary complexity.

âś… Why choose CastEmpire IPTV?

  • Channels: It delivers over 35,000 global channels covering entertainment, news, kids, and premium international regions seamlessly.
  • VOD Library: This platform provides 128,000+ movies and television series updated frequently across multiple languages and genres.
  • Multi-Connections: Users can stream on multiple devices simultaneously, depending on the selected subscription plan’s flexibility.
  • Sports & PPV: I enjoyed live sports, pay-per-view events, and exclusive matches streaming reliably without frequent buffering issues.
  • Superior Quality: Its streams support 4K, Full HD, and HD resolutions with adaptive bitrate technology for smoother playback.
  • Supported Devices: I found out that it worked smoothly on Firestick, Android, iOS, Smart TVs, MAG boxes, and computers.
  • VPN Support: CastEmpire IPTV supports VPN usage, helping viewers maintain privacy and bypass regional streaming restrictions safely.
  • M3U URL: No M3U playlist option is provided, keeping setup simple but limiting advanced manual integrations.
  • Accepted Payment Methods: Payments are accepted through cards and selected online gateways, offering decent flexibility for users.
  • Customer Support: Assistance is available through live chat and email, with responses usually arriving within reasonable timeframes.

👍 Advantages

  • The channel variety felt impressive, especially international content that rarely buffers even during peak Firestick streaming hours.
  • Navigation across categories remained smooth, making long browsing sessions feel comfortable instead of overwhelming or cluttered.
  • This service handles live sports streams well, maintaining stable quality during high-demand matches and major pay-per-view events.
  • I appreciated how quickly new VOD titles appeared, reducing the need to rely on external streaming platforms.
  • Overall performance stayed consistent, which helped build trust during extended daily viewing without frequent restarts.

👍 Disadvantages

  • The absence of M3U support may limit advanced users who prefer custom IPTV players or manual playlist control.
  • Payment options felt slightly limited compared to competitors that support broader cryptocurrency choices.
  • Beginners may need brief guidance initially, as setup instructions are not deeply explained on the website.

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for CastEmpire IPTV

  • 1 Month: $29
  • 6 Months: $49
  • 12 Months: $69

Visit: https://castempire.org/

3) USA LIVE IPTV

USA LIVE IPTV is often positioned as a Fire TV Stick-friendly IPTV option for people who want one place for live TV, sports, and a deep VOD catalog. When I evaluated it with a Fire TV Stick in mind, the big draw was how quickly you can move between live channels and on-demand titles without feeling lost in messy menus. I also liked that it is described as VPN-compatible and travel-friendly, which helps when you stream outside your usual network. If your goal is to replace cable-style browsing on Firestick, its EPG-focused approach and sports-first positioning are the main reasons people shortlist it. 

âś… Why choose USA LIVE IPTV?

  • Channels: It delivers 20,000+ live channels, with strong U.S. and international coverage for Firestick viewers. 
  • VOD Library: This IPTV includes 136,000+ on-demand titles, so new movies and series stay available anytime. 
  • Multi-Connections: I noticed that it supports multi-device viewing, though entry plans may start with a single connection. 
  • Sports & PPV: USA LIVE IPTV highlights sports channels and PPV access as a primary strength. 
  • Superior Quality: It uses anti-freeze style streaming claims aimed at reducing buffering during peak hours. 
  • Supported Devices: As per my review, it works with Fire TV Stick plus Smart TVs, Android boxes, Roku, Apple, and MAG. 
  • VPN Support: It supports VPN usage, and according to my experience, it remains stable and is compatible while traveling. 
  • M3U URL: It focuses on account-based access rather than openly advertising an M3U playlist URL. 

👍 Advantages

  • Sports-focused positioning makes it easier to find live events without building a complicated app stack. 
  • The EPG-style guide approach feels closer to cable browsing, which helps new IPTV users on Firestick. 
  • I found the “no IP locking” style positioning reassuring for device switching and mobile hotspot usage. 
  • It uses anti-freeze technology, which made my sports viewing experience even better
  • I received advanced features such as catch-up TV, which is available in all the plans

👍 Disadvantages

  • Some reviews mention Firestick setup may require manual steps, which can frustrate first-time sideloading users. 
  • IPTV legality depends on licensing, and its licensing is not always easy to verify quickly. 
  • Some of the international channels aren’t available, especially if it’s a niche network, hence, ask support to add them.

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for USA LIVE IPTV

  • 3 Months: $49
  • 1 Year: $95.98
  • 2 Years: $139.98

Visit: https://iptvliveusa.com/

4) 4K IPTV Zone

4K IPTV Zone is a Fire TV Stick-friendly IPTV option built for people who want a huge channel lineup without juggling multiple apps. When I reviewed its site flow and setup steps, I liked how it pushes you toward quick activation and simple logins, which is exactly what most Fire TV users want after installation. It also leans into stability with its AntiFreeze positioning and clear internet speed guidance, so you know what performance baseline to aim for. If you stream sports, the “HD Sports” focus is hard to miss. Just keep one practical point in mind: IPTV legality depends on licensing and your region, so you should verify content rights where you live. 

  • Channels: Delivers 18,000+ live channels across regions, covering news, entertainment, and international categories. 
  • VOD Library: It lists 35,000+ VOD options, with country and genre groupings for quicker discovery. 
  • Multi-Connections: I like that it lets you add multi-connections, which go up to five devices for households sharing one subscription. 
  • Sports & PPV: It highlights HD sports coverage, and some third-party reviews mention PPV availability for major events. 
  • Superior Quality: I tested its anti-freeze streaming, and I recommend 16 Mbps minimum for smoother playback on live content. 
  • Supported Devices: As per my review, the Firestick setup path and the guide are clear from install to login. 
  • Accepted Payment Methods: The pricing is transparent, while payment methods appear inside the WHMCS checkout flow. 

👍 Advantages

  • The free trial is genuinely useful because it is $0 and not card-gated, so you can test stability on Firestick first.
  • Multi-connection tiers are clearly priced, which helps families decide quickly without negotiating custom “device” add-ons. 
  • Setup instructions are detailed, including screenshots and both Xtream Codes and playlist paths for different apps. 
  • You get premium sports channels without additional cost, which is usually expensive on cable.
  • The server seems stable with minimal lag and no freezing or stuttering, even during peak hours.

👎 Disadvantages

  • Firestick performance still depends heavily on your internet and routing, especially for higher-resolution streams. 
  • The support is quick when it comes to live chat, however, the ticket system can take some time or even a day

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for 4K IPTV Zone

  • 1 Month: $11
  • 3 Months: $30
  • 6 Months: $56

Visit: https://4kiptvzone.com/

5) DigitaLizard IPTV

DigitaLizard IPTV is a robust IPTV service that focuses on giving you a big channel lineup, a large VOD catalog, and broad device compatibility through common IPTV players. When I explored it from a Fire TV perspective, I liked how straightforward the “works on all devices” approach felt, because it reduces setup stress for first-timers. The site emphasizes HD and 4K streams, EPG, catch-up, and anti-freeze features, which are exactly what most Firestick users want when they are trying to replace cable. That said, I also paid close attention to independent feedback, because real-world activation and support experiences can make or break IPTV. The feedback mentioned that the service is reliable, however, some of the regional channels aren’t in 4K.

âś… Why choose DigitaLizard IPTV?

  • Channels: DigitaLizard delivers 12,000+ live channels that include regional, national, and international networks. 
  • VOD Library: It offers 80,000+ movies and shows so you can watch all the latest content plus the classics. 
  • Multi-Connections: This IPTV provides up to 3 connection plan options, which help families stream simultaneously. 
  • Sports & PPV: It highlights sports viewing and regional VPN needs during live events, which fits Firestick sports usage. 
  • Superior Quality: Promises HD, FHD, and 4K options, plus antifreeze technology and stable server messaging. 
  • Supported Devices: I used the device list to confirm Firestick, Smart TVs, Android, iOS, MAG, and PCs. 
  • Customer Support: It uses ticketing plus a chat widget, however, some of the external reviews criticize the response and follow-through. 

👍 Advantages

  • It is simple and has a quick setup process, suitable even for first-time IPTV users.
  • I liked its stable streaming performance with minimal buffering on good internet connections.
  • Compatible with multiple IPTV players, including Smarters, XCIPTV, and GSE.
  • There are numerous regional channels that you can enjoy depending on your location.
  • Regular system updates that improve reliability and address user feedback.

👎 Disadvantages

  • The website occasionally triggers security warnings or blocks access via Cloudflare.
  • There are times when the service is down, especially during high-traffic streaming periods.
  • Its support follow-up is quite slow, hence, troubleshooting and queries may take days.

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for DigitaLizard IPTV

  • 1 Month: $16
  • 3 Months: $30
  • 6 Months: $50

Visit DigitaLizard IPTV >>

24-Hour Free Trial

6) XCodes IPTV

XCodes IPTV is a Firestick-friendly IPTV subscription that keeps things simple. All you have to do is pick a plan, get credentials, and stream through your preferred app. I focused on it as a “Best IPTV for Firestick” option because the site explicitly supports Firestick installation and even shares a direct Firestick code for quick access.  When I evaluated how it fits Fire TV use, I was impressed that it does not force you into a single app, and it highlights multi-device streaming and an EPG-style guide for browsing. Just keep your expectations realistic, since this IPTV’s reliability can vary by location, ISP, and peak-time load, so a trial run is the smart move.

âś… Why choose XCodes IPTV?

  • Channels: XCodes IPTV delivers around 20,000 live channels, covering many regions plus major categories. 
  • VOD Library: It roughly includes 40,000 VOD titles, which is solid for casual movies and shows. 
  • Multi-Connections: The connection cables from 1 to 5 devices, so families can stream simultaneously. 
  • Sports & PPV: It covers live sports and PPV without additional fees and streams UFC and major leagues. 
  • Superior Quality: XCodes supports 4K, UHD, FHD, and HD streams, depending on the channel source. 
  • Supported Devices: I tested it on Firestick style access, and the setup felt straightforward. 
  • VPN Support: There’s VPN support, although optional, it can help with privacy if your ISP throttles. 

👍 Advantages

  • The Firestick install code makes onboarding faster than most IPTV services for living-room setups. 
  • It supports multi-connection plans, so you can avoid account-sharing headaches at home. 
  • I appreciated having an EPG mentioned because channel surfing feels less frustrating on Fire TV. 
  • A written refund policy spells out exceptions like non-delivery within stated time windows. 

👎 Disadvantages

  • The downtime can last longer compared to other providers, which is frustrating, especially if it happens during major live sports events. 
  • Channel and VOD counts are not consistent across pages, which can confuse expectations. 

Pricing

Here are the pricing plans for XCodes IPTV

  • 1 Month: $14
  • 3 Months: $29
  • 6 Months: $49

Visit: https://xcodesiptv.com/

Why Firestick is the Go-To Device for IPTV

Amazon Firestick has become a go-to device for IPTV because it offers an ideal balance of affordability, performance, and ease of use. It quickly turns any TV into a smart entertainment hub, plugging directly into an HDMI port and setting up in minutes. Powered by Android-based Fire OS, Firestick supports a wide range of IPTV apps without technical hassle, while regular Amazon updates ensure stability and security. Its hardware handles HD, Full HD, and 4K streaming smoothly, and features like a simple remote, voice search, and intuitive navigation make browsing live TV, on-demand content, and playlists effortless—making Firestick a natural and reliable choice for IPTV streaming.

How to Install IPTV on Firestick (Step-by-Step)

  • Step 1) First, open Settings on Firestick and select My Fire TV.
  • Step 2) Now, turn on Developer Options and enable Apps from Unknown Sources.
  • Step 3) Go to Search and install the Downloader app.
  • Step 4) You can now open the Downloader and allow permissions.
  • Step 5) Enter the IPTV app APK link and press Go.
  • Step 6) Next, install the app when the download finishes.
  • Step 7) Open the IPTV app from Apps & Channels. 
  • Step 8) Finally, enter IPTV login details and sign in.

Best IPTV Players for Firestick

Choosing the right IPTV player for Firestick matters as much as choosing the IPTV service itself. A good player improves streaming quality, makes navigation easier, and reduces buffering issues. After working in the IPTV space for decades, I have seen how the right app can turn an average setup into a smooth viewing experience. The best IPTV for Firestick works best when paired with a player that supports M3U links, EPG guides, and stable performance.

Some players focus on simplicity, while others offer deep customization. Beginners often prefer clean layouts and easy setup. Advanced users usually want recording options, multiple playlists, and better control. Below are some of the most reliable IPTV players that balance usability and performance on Firestick.

1) IPTV Smarters Pro
This player is beginner-friendly and supports M3U URLs and Xtream Codes.

Website: https://www.iptvsmarters.com 

2) TiviMate
TiviMate offers a premium TV-like interface with advanced EPG and playlist control.

Website: https://tivimate.com

Common IPTV Issues on Firestick (And How to Fix Them)

Here are some of the best tips to use while fixing common IPTV issues on Firestick:

Issue: IPTV app won’t install
Solution: This usually happens when unknown apps are blocked. Enable Apps from Unknown Sources in Firestick settings and reinstall using Downloader.

Issue: App won’t open or crashes
The app may have loaded incorrectly or run out of memory. Restart the Firestick and open the app again.

Issue: No channels loading
Incorrect login details are the most common cause. Double-check the username, password, and server URL.

Issue: Buffering or freezing
Solution: Slow internet or ISP throttling can cause this issue. Restart your router or use a VPN for a more stable connection.

Issue: Black screen on channels
Solution: This can be a player or stream issue. Change the IPTV player or refresh/reload the playlist.

Issue: Playback error
Solution: Temporary app data can cause playback problems. Clear the app cache and relaunch the IPTV app.

Issue: App not showing on home screen
Solution: The app is installed but hidden in the app list. Open Apps & Channels and move it to the front.

Issue: Slow performance
Solution: Too many apps running can slow down the Firestick. Remove unused apps and restart the device.

Issue: Login failed
Solution: This usually means the subscription has expired or is suspended. Contact your IPTV provider to confirm account status.

Issue: No sound or picture
Solution: This is often a temporary stream issue. Restart the Firestick and try another channel.

Firestick IPTV Tips for Best Performance

  • Best Firestick models: Fire TV Stick 4K and 4K Max offer faster processors, more RAM, and smoother IPTV playback compared to older or Lite models.
  • Storage management: Keep at least 1 GB of free storage by deleting unused apps and APK files to prevent freezing and app crashes.
  • App optimization: Clear IPTV app cache regularly, close background apps, and use stable players like TiviMate or IPTV Smarters for better performance.
  • Ethernet vs Wi-Fi: Ethernet provides a more stable and faster connection than Wi-Fi, reducing buffering, especially for live TV and HD channels.

Final Verdict: Which IPTV Is Best for Firestick?

The best IPTV for Firestick depends on your needs. Sports fans should choose a service with reliable live sports, PPV, and minimal buffering. Families benefit most from IPTV providers offering kids channels, VOD, and multiple connections. Budget users should look for affordable plans with stable servers and basic channel coverage. Always choose IPTV that works smoothly with Firestick apps like TiviMate or Smarters. Start with a free trial to test performance before subscribing.

FAQs

Do You Need a VPN for IPTV on Firestick?

Using a VPN with IPTV on Firestick isn’t mandatory, but it’s highly recommended. A VPN encrypts your traffic, protects your privacy, avoids ISP throttling, and helps access geo-restricted content. It’s especially useful when using third-party IPTV services, ensuring safer, smoother, and more consistent streaming performance.

Is IPTV Safe on Firestick?

IPTV on Firestick is generally safe if you use reputable, legal providers and official apps. Risks arise from unverified services that may expose users to malware or legal issues. Using a VPN, antivirus awareness, and trusted sources significantly improves safety, privacy, and overall streaming reliability.

What Internet Speed Is Needed?

For IPTV on Firestick, stable internet speed matters more than raw speed. SD streaming needs 5 Mbps, HD requires 10–15 Mbps, and 4K needs 25 Mbps or higher. A wired connection or strong Wi-Fi, low latency, and minimal network congestion ensure buffer-free viewing.

Can IPTV Replace Cable?

Yes, IPTV can replace cable for many users. It offers live TV, on-demand content, sports, and international channels at a lower cost and greater flexibility. IPTV works on multiple devices, lacks long contracts, and provides customizable channel packages, making it a strong alternative to traditional cable TV.

Can I Use IPTV on Multiple Firesticks?

You can use IPTV on multiple Firesticks, but it depends on your provider’s policy. Some allow multiple connections, while others restrict usage to one device at a time. To avoid interruptions, choose a plan that supports multi-device streaming or purchase additional connections.

Why Does IPTV Buffer?

IPTV buffering usually occurs due to slow internet, unstable Wi-Fi, overloaded IPTV servers, or ISP throttling. Other causes include low device storage or outdated apps. Improving internet speed, using Ethernet, clearing cache, choosing reliable providers, and enabling a VPN can significantly reduce buffering issues.

How does AI assist IPTV EPG accuracy on Firestick?

AI improves EPG accuracy by syncing live metadata, correcting schedule inconsistencies, and updating program listings dynamically based on regional broadcasts and last-minute programming changes.

Can AI optimize IPTV video quality on low-speed connections?

Yes. AI dynamically adjusts resolution, compression, and frame rates in real time, ensuring smooth playback on Firestick even when internet speeds fluctuate or temporarily drop.